Quantum tunneling refers to the quantum mechanical phenomenon where a particle tunnels through a barrier that it classically could not surmount. Quantum tunneling plays an essential role in several physical phenomena, such as the nuclear fusion that occurs in main sequence stars like the Sun. It has important applications to modern devices such as the tunnel diode, quantum computing, and the scanning tunneling microscope.
Friedrich Hund was the first to take notice of tunneling in when he was calculating the ground state of the double-well potential. Its first application was a mathematical explanation for alpha decay. Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity is an observational rule which states that a greater total spin state usually makes the resulting atom more stable. A high multiplicity state is, therefore, the same as a high-spin state. The increased stability of the atom, most commonly manifested in a lower energy state, arises because the high-spin state forces the unpaired electrons to reside in different spatial orbitals.
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October Julian. Friedrich Hund 4 February — 31 March was a German physicist from Karlsruhe known for his work on atoms and molecules. He had published more than papers and essays and made contributions to quantum theory about the structure of the atom and the structure of molecular spectra.
The Hund's rule was named after him and in he discovered the later so-called tunneling effect. At that time, he was Born's assistant, working with quantum mechanics. Additionally he stayed in Copenhagen with Niels Bohr and lectured on the atom at Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts in
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