It is also possible to customize the services of the operating system depending on the requirements of the application. In monolithic kernel based systems, each application has its own address space.
Therefore, each application is secure. Also, the kernel contains all the OS services. Therefore, the applications can request services from the kernel. However, the OS is in a separate address space. Therefore, it is secure from the normal applications and malfunctioned applications. Figure 2: Monolithic Kernel-based Architecture. If an application requires a service, the hardware address space of the application switches to the hardware address space of the operating system to execute it.
A microkernel is a kernel type that provides mechanisms such as low-level address space management, thread management and interprocess communication to implement an operating system. In contrast, a monolithic kernel is a type of kernel in operating systems where the entire operating system works in the kernel space.
These definitions explain the main difference between microkernel and monolithic kernel. A notable difference between microkernel and monolithic kernel is that, in a microkernel-based system, the OS services and kernel are separated.
But, in a monolithic kernel system, the kernel contains the OS services. This however is the main drawback of a monolithic kernel: introduction of any new unsupported hardware requires a rewrite of the kernel in the relevant parts , recompilation of it, and re-installing the entire OS. More importantly, if any device driver crashes the entire kernel suffers as a result.
This un-modular approach to hardware additions and hardware crashes is the main argument for supporting the other extreme design approach for kernels. A microkernel is in a sense a minimalistic kernel that houses only the very basic of OS services like process management and file system management.
In a microkernel the device drivers lie outside of the kernel allowing for addition and removal of device drivers while the OS is running and require no alternations of the kernel. Monolithic kernel has all kernel services along with kernel core part, thus are heavy and has negative impact on speed and performance.
On the other hand micro kernel is lightweight causing increase in performance and speed. I answered same question at wordpress site. For the difference between monolithic, microkernel and exokernel in tabular form, you can visit here.
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