Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but may cause infection in many other organs in the body. Image courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Tuberculosis is caused by a group of organisms, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M bovis, M africanum and a few other rarer subtypes. Tuberculosis usually appears as a lung pulmonary infection. However, it may infect other organs in the body. Recently, antibiotic-resistant strains of tuberculosis have appeared. With increasing numbers of immunocompromised individuals with AIDS, and homeless people without medical care, tuberculosis is seen more frequently today.
The positive immunologic response to PPD antigen is seen here. The size of the papule is over 2 cm in diameter. The purified protein derivative is an antigen a substance that stimulates the immune system to eliminate or fight foreign substances in the body , which is injected under the skin in the forearm.
After 48 to 72 hours the injection site is evaluated by a physician. This skin test helps determine if a person has ever been infected by the microorganism that causes tuberculosis.
At the first visit, the provider will clean an area of your skin, usually the inside of your forearm. You will get a small shot injection that contains PPD. The needle is gently placed under the top layer of skin, causing a bump welt to form.
This bump usually goes away in a few hours as the material is absorbed. After 48 to 72 hours, you must return to your provider's office. Your provider will check the area to see if you have had a strong reaction to the test.
Tell your provider if you have ever had a positive PPD skin test. TB is a serious infection, usually of the lungs, caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This bacteria spreads when you breathe in the air exhaled by a person infected with TB. The bacteria can remain inactive in your body for years. This is a serious public health problem in many regions of the world, including Southeast Asia and Africa. When TB infects your body, it becomes extra sensitive to certain elements of the bacteria, such as the purified protein derivative.
This will tell doctors whether or not you have TB. TB is a highly contagious disease. However, the disease is relatively rare in the United States. You should get a PPD skin test if you work in the healthcare field. All healthcare workers must be routinely screened for TB. A doctor or nurse will swab the skin of your inner forearm with alcohol. You may feel a slight sting. A bump or small welt will form, which usually goes away in a few hours.
The amount of swelling may be different for children, people with HIV, the elderly, and others at high risk. A small reaction, called an induration , at the site of the test 5 to 9 millimeters of firm swelling is a positive result in people who:. More tests are necessary to confirm the diagnosis.
For people without a known risk factor for TB, a 15 mm or larger firm swelling at the injection site indicates a positive reaction.
Your doctor will follow up on positive results with a chest X-ray, a CT scan , and a sputum test that looks for active TB in the lungs. Hasan Sulaiman.
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